Hvem daterte Alexander the Great?

Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, romanized: Aléxandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20 and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Western Asia, Central Asia, parts of South Asia, and Egypt. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders.

Until the age of 16, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle. In 335 BC, shortly after his assumption of kingship over Macedon, he campaigned in the Balkans and reasserted control over Thrace and parts of Illyria before marching on the city of Thebes, which was subsequently destroyed in battle. Alexander then led the League of Corinth, and used his authority to launch the pan-Hellenic project envisaged by his father, assuming leadership over all Greeks in their conquest of Persia.

In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid Persian Empire and began a series of campaigns that lasted for 10 years. Following his conquest of Asia Minor, Alexander broke the power of Achaemenid Persia in a series of decisive battles, including those at Issus and Gaugamela; he subsequently overthrew Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety. After the fall of Persia, the Macedonian Empire held a vast swath of territory between the Adriatic Sea and the Indus River. Alexander endeavored to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in 326 BC, achieving an important victory over Porus, an ancient Indian king of present-day Punjab, at the Battle of the Hydaspes. Due to the mutiny of his homesick troops, he eventually turned back at the Beas River and later died in 323 BC in Babylon, the city of Mesopotamia that he had planned to establish as his empire's capital. Alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a Greek invasion of Arabia. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars broke out across the Macedonian Empire, eventually leading to its disintegration at the hands of the Diadochi.

With his death marking the start of the Hellenistic period, Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism that his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism and Hellenistic Judaism. He founded more than twenty cities, with the most prominent being the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture led to the overwhelming dominance of Hellenistic civilization and influence as far east as the Indian subcontinent. The Hellenistic period developed through the Roman Empire into modern Western culture; the Greek language became the lingua franca of the region and was the predominant language of the Byzantine Empire until its collapse in the mid-15th century AD.

Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mould of Achilles, featuring prominently in the historical and mythical traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. His military achievements and unprecedented enduring successes in battle made him the measure against which many later military leaders would compare themselves, and his tactics remain a significant subject of study in military academies worldwide. Legends of Alexander's exploits coalesced into the third-century Alexander Romance which, in the premodern period, went through over one hundred recensions, translations, and derivations and was translated into almost every European vernacular and every language of the Islamic world. After the Bible, it was the most popular form of European literature.

Barsine – córka satrapy Frygii w Persji – Artabazosa, siostra Artonis (żony Eumenesa z Kardii), Artakamy (żony Ptolemeusza I Sotera) i Farnabazosa (jednego z głównodowodzących flotą perską w trakcie wojen Aleksandra Wielkiego).

Poślubiła znakomitego wodza greckich najemników Memnona z Rodos służącego dla Imperium Achemenidów. Po jego śmierci została konkubiną Aleksandra Wielkiego. Owocem tego związku miał być syn Herakles, który nigdy nie został uznany za prawowitego dziedzica króla Macedonii.

Cleophis (Sanskrit: Kripa ) was an Assacani queen and key figure in the war between the Assacani people and Alexander the Great. Cleophis was the mother of Assacanus, the Assacanis' war-leader at the time of Alexander's invasion in 326 BCE. After her son's death in battle, Cleophis assumed command and negotiated a settlement that allowed her to retain her status. Later accounts claim Cleophis had a son by Alexander, a notion dismissed by historians.

The Assacani (called Ashvakas in Sanskrit, from the word Ashva, meaning "horse") were an independent people who lived in parts of the Swat and Buner valleys in ancient Gandhara. These highlanders were rebellious, fiercely independent clans who resisted subjugation.

Kampaspe (gresk: Καμπάσπη; også Pankaste) var en gresk hetære og elskerinne av Aleksander den store på 300-tallet f.Kr. Hun var også en kvinne av høy byrd fra Larissa i Thessalia.

For tempelet i Athen, se Hefaisteion

Hefaistion (gresk: Ἡφαιστίων; født ca. 356, død høsten 324 f.Kr.), sønn av Amyntor, en makedonsk aristokrat, er kjent i historien som Aleksander den stores nærmeste venn, nestkommanderende, og, antagelig, elsker. Kildene sier at han var jevnaldrende med Aleksander, eller muligens litt eldre. Det er usikkert når de møttes for første gang. Men det er mulig at Hefation fikk samme utdannelse som Aleksander i landsbyen Mieza med Aristoteles som lærer, i likhet med andre gutter av adelsmenn. En vet at filosofen dediserte en utgivelse av brev til ham, så de må ha møtt hverandre.

Hefaistion var ikke særlig begavet som kommandant på slagmarken, men han utmerket seg i planleggingen av logistikken. Når Aleksander trengte Hefaistions lederskap på slagmarken, plasserte han vanligvis en annen general sammen med ham, noen ganger Aleksander selv, for å være sikker på at ingen feil ble gjort. Hefaistions styrke i logistikken overgikk hans begrensninger på slagmarken.

Før invasjonen av India og kryssingen av Hindu Kush-fjellene i dagens Afghanistan, gjorde Aleksander Hefaistion til en kiliark og minister, og anerkjente ham som nestkommanderende. Under kampanjen i India fikk han igjen militært ansvar i baktroppen, bygge broer over elver og ledet en kompanjong-skvadron i slaget om Hydaspeselven.

Tilbake i Susa, hovedstaden i det persiske imperiet, giftet Aleksander seg med Dareios sin datter Stateira og gav hennes yngre søster som kone til Hefaistion, og gjorde ham dermed til sin svigerbror.

Høsten 324 f.Kr. var Aleksanders armé stasjonert i byen Ekbatana for vinteren. Hefaistion ble syk under lekene som ble holdt for hoffet og døde en uke senere. De beskrevne symptomene minner om tyfoidfeber, men mulighetene for forgiftning ble aldri utelukket. Som Aleksanders favoritt og nære venn, må han ha hatt mange politiske fiender. Uansett hvilken grunn som førte til Hefaistions død, er det sagt at Aleksander ble gal av sorg, han barberte sitt hode, i tillegg til manene på krigshestene, avlyste alle festligheter og, sier legenden, korsfestet doktoren som behandlet Hefaistion. Han satte umiddelbart av sted til Babylon med liket, hvor han holdt begravelsesleker for hans minne. Det ble bestemt at Hefaistion skulle bli dyrket som en guddommelig helt.

Bagoas (Old Persian: Bagāvahyā; Ancient Greek: Βαγώας, Bagōas) was a eunuch in the court of the Persian Empire in the 4th century BC. Bagoas was a courtier of Darius III and later of Alexander the Great.