Hvem daterte Charles II of England?

Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651 and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.

Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France. After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War, the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649. However, England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth with a republican government eventually led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis after Cromwell's death in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim.

Charles's English Parliament enacted the Clarendon Code, to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to these new laws even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his cousin, King Louis XIV of France. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates's fabrication of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, had become a Catholic. The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories and, after the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were executed or forced into exile. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681 and ruled alone until his death in 1685.

A patron of the arts and sciences, Charles became known for his affability and friendliness, and for allowing his subjects easy access to his person. But he also showed an almost impenetrable reserve, especially concerning his political agendas. His court gained a reputation for moral laxity. Charles's marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no surviving children, but the king acknowledged at least 12 illegitimate children by various mistresses. He was succeeded by his brother James.

Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin (6 June 1646 – 2 July 1699), was a niece of Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, and a mistress of Charles II, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. She was the fourth of the five famous Mancini sisters, who, along with two of their female Martinozzi cousins, were known at the court of King Louis XIV of France as the Mazarinettes.

Catherine Pegge (1635 circa – ...) fu per lunghi anni amante del re d'Inghilterra Carlo II.

Dal sovrano ebbe due figli, Charles FitzCharles, I conte di Plymouth e Catherine FitzCharles.

Figlia di esponenti di classi sociali elevate, seguì la famiglia nell'esilio presso la città belga di Bruges e fu proprio in questa città che iniziò la sua relazione con il sovrano.

Mary "Moll" Davis (c. 1648 – 1708), also spelt Davies or Davys, was a courtesan and mistress of King Charles II of England. She was an actress and entertainer before and during her role as royal mistress.

Frances Teresa Stewart, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox (8 July 1647 – 15 October 1702) was a prominent member of the Court of the Restoration and famous for refusing to become a mistress of Charles II of England. For her great beauty she was known as La Belle Stuart and served as the model for an idealised, female Britannia. She is one of the Windsor Beauties painted by Sir Peter Lely.

Winifred Wells was a courtier at the Stuart Restoration court as a Maid of Honour to Queen consort Catherine of Braganza. She was also one of the many mistresses of King Charles II of England. Samuel Pepys refers to her as the King's mistress in his diary, and she also features in Philibert de Gramont's famous Mémoirs.

Eleanor «Nell» Gwyn (eventuelt Gwynn eller Gwynne; født 2. februar 1650, død 14. november 1687 samme sted) var skuespillerinne og mangeårig elskerinne til kong Karl II, som hun fikk to sønner med: Charles Beauclerk, 1. hertug av St Albans (1670–1726) og James Beauclerk (1671–1680).

Hun er den eneste kurtisanen som har fått noen statue i London, og den befinner seg i en nisje over hovedinngangen til Nell Gwyn House i Sloane Avenue i Chelsea. Hun og kongen ses også som relieffer på Venus-springvannet på Sloane Square.

Elizabeth Boyle, Viscountess Shannon (born Elizabeth Killigrew; baptised 16 May 1622 – December 1680), was an English courtier and mistress of King Charles II.

Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kérouaille, hertuginne av Portsmouth (født 6. september 1649, død 14. november 1734), var en av kong Karl IIs elskerinner. Hennes eksakte fødselsdato er ukjent.

I 1679 fikk John Dryden seg en omgang juling av maskerte menn (Rose Alley Ambuscade) for å ha skrevet noen giftige linjer om blant andre hertuginnen i Essay on Satire. Dette skjedde utenfor puben Lamb & Flag (= Lam-og-flagg) i Covent Garden. På folkemunne ble puben kalt The Bucket of Blood (= Bøtten-med-blod) etter nevekampene som ble arrangert der. Dryden selv var på vei hjem fra et kaffehus.

Lucy Walter (1630–1658) var kong Karl II av Englands elskerinne, og moren til James Scott, 1. hertug av Monmouth. Hun skal ha blitt født på slottet Roch Castle i nærheten av Haverfordwest i Wales.

Barbara Palmer, 1. hertuginne av Cleveland, opprinnelig Barbara Villiers, (født 27. november 1640, død 9. oktober 1709) var en kongelig kurtisane og én av Karl II av Englands mest kjente elskerinner.

Hun ble gift 14. april 1659 med Robert Palmer (1634–1705), den senere jarl av Castlemaine. Paret ble separert i 1662 rett etter at hun hadde fått en sønn. Ekteparet skilte seg aldri.

Barbara Palmer fikk seks barn med Karl II:

1. Anne Palmer (1661–1722)
2. Charles Fitzroy (1662–1730)
3. Henry Fitzroy (1663–1690)
4. Charlotte Fitzroy (1664–1718)
5. George Fitzroy (1665–1716)
6. Barbara Fitzroy (1672-1737; kongen anerkjente henne som sin datter, men det var antagelig John Churchill som var faren.)